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''Scorpaena guttata'' is a species of fish in the scorpionfish family known by the common name California scorpionfish. It is native to the eastern Pacific Ocean, where it can be found along the coast of California and Baja California. Its distribution extends from around Santa Cruz, California, to Punta Abreojos in Baja California Sur, and out to Guadalupe Island. It is also found in the Gulf of California.〔Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds. (''Scorpaena guttata'' Girard, 1854. ) FishBase. 2011.〕 Another common name is spotted scorpionfish.〔(Species Information: ''Scorpaena guttata''. ) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Online Information System. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. 2008-09.〕 ==Biology== This fish reaches up to 43〔 to 47 centimeters long. It is reddish brown in color with many brown and black spots, especially on the fins. The head is spiny.〔 It does not have a swim bladder; it spends most of its time on the ocean floor.〔Taylor, P. B. and L. Chen. (1969). (The predator-prey relationship between the octopus (''Octopus bimaculatus'') and the California scorpionfish (''Scorpaena guttata''). ) ''Pacific Science'' 23(3) 311-16.〕 Its maximum recorded life span is 21 years.〔 This demersal marine fish may venture to ocean depths up to 183 meters, but it is usually in shallower waters, up to about 30 meters. It is found along rocky bottoms just offshore or in bays. It inhabits underwater caves.〔Eschmeyer, W. & J. Alvarado. 2010. (''Scorpaena guttata''. ) In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Downloaded on 07 June 2013.〕 It does not necessarily stay in one territory; mark and recapture experiments observed individuals traveling up to 200 kilometers, with one moving from near Santa Cruz Island in the Channel Islands to Long Beach over the course of about 14 months. Another fish traveled at a speed of about 2.2 kilometers per day.〔Hanan, D. A. and B. E. Curry. (2012). (Long-term movement patterns and habitat use Of nearshore groundfish: Tag-recapture in Central and Southern California waters. ) ''The Open Fish Science Journal'' 5 30-43.〕 The diet of this carnivorous fish includes other fish, crustaceans, octopi, squid, and cuttlefish.〔 Juvenile crabs are strongly favored, especially during fall and winter, when they make up the bulk of the diet. The juvenile yellow rock crab (''Metacarcinus anthonyi'') is a very common prey. Another common crustacean prey item is the ridgeback prawn (''Sicyonia ingentis''). Fish species consumed include Californian anchovy (''Engraulis mordax'') and spotted cusk-eel (''Chilara taylori'').〔Love, M. S., et al. (1987). (Life history and fishery of the California scorpionfish, ''Scorpaena guttata'', within the Southern California Bight. ) ''Fishery Bulletin'' 85(1) 99-116.〕 The fish may return to the same spawning grounds each breeding season.〔 When it spawns it produces an elastic, gelatinous, balloon-like mass about 25 centimeters long. The eggs are encased in one internal layer of the mass. The mass floats on the ocean surface. Initially colorless and transparent, the mass eventually turns cloudy white as it floats. Each egg is just over a millimeter long.〔Orton, G. L. (1955). (Early developmental stages of the California scorpionfish, ''Scorpaena guttata''. ) ''Copeia'' 1955(3) 210-14.〕 Spawning likely takes place around dawn; the fish has been observed congregating daily at this time at the surface of the water during the breeding season. Mating is polygamous.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scorpaena guttata」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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